The Bible And The Holy Bible - 2081 Words

Any Christian who reads the Holy Bible and studies to Bible knows many of Jesus’s as parables. The new testament is filled with numerous amount of parables which seem to be stories that Jesus told in order to get his message across. The word parable comes from πΠ±Ã ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ½ which means a figure of speech., and this is the way that Jesus spoke. I have spoken to you in figures of speech; the hour is coming when I shall no longer speak to you in figures of speech, but tell you plainly of the Father.(John 16:25) When Jesus spoke to the people this is how he spoke to them However, while it seems that these were simple stories it is apparent from the reading that Jess’s parables were methodically thought through with each being very precisely accurate in the structure of the stories. Moreover, followers can seem to have a different meaning to these parables because depending on the situation and relationship with Jesus that a particular person had it i s possible for the interpretation may not match the next persons. Yet, Jesus has used these analogy to illustrate his point, people of Jesus time may have understood him better when the parables could be related to their every day lives. In the new testament of the Bible there is an astounding 46 parables. Of the 46 parables in the bible some of those are repeated within the other gospel but one which is unique to all the others is one parable the good Samaritan And these were important information that was needed in order for theShow MoreRelatedThe Bible And The Holy Bible766 Words   |  4 PagesChristians believe that there is no error in the Holy Scriptures. Since the Bible was written many years ago, we must reconcile our understanding of passages that seem to make contradictory statements. The Holy Scriptures as a whole is the Word of God. The doctrine of inerrancy of Scripture states that there are no errors in the bible. Two passages in 1 John, however, make seemly contradictory statements. But the author wrote under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit. The meaning of two passages in 1Read MoreThe Bible And The Holy Bible Essay1730 Words   |  7 PagesFrom its first pages, the Holy Bible indicates that the most terrible events in the annals of space occur due to the human actions. From the theological point of view, the man is designated with such importance due to the fact of being the reason of war between God and Lucifer. Unfortunately, after the Fall of man, the evil was allowed into the world, and thus the world got secluded from God. God can speak to people, is able to remind them of His existence, but the whole tragedy of the pre-ChristianRead MoreThe Bible And The Holy Bible2735 Words   |  11 PagesMesser says that for Christians, the Holy Bible is th e rich mixture of writings of various kinds, written over many centuries in many different settings collected together in the Hebrew Bible, and the New Testament; and by calling this collection of writing â€Å"Scripture† we are marking it off from other writings that come from the same places and times and claiming that is has some kind of special status and authority within the community of Christian faith. (Messer p5) One way for Christians toRead MoreThe Holy Bible3417 Words   |  14 PagesOne could read the Bible in its original Hebrew and Greek texts, while simultaneously investigating every English translation available and not find the word Trinity even once in any language. Certainly the concept, when compared to any other, is revolutionary in nature. Everything about God is revolutionary. This paper will illustrate that no one Person of the Trinity is above another. Also, focus will be placed on the relationship of the three Persons while explaining their function in relationRead MoreThe Christian Religion / Holy Bible And The Bible1751 Words   |  8 Pagespassing down cultural values, we too are able to learn from them and put such knowledge into a modern context. Particularly dealing with the Christian religion/holy bible that was forcibly spread throughout the world with colonialization, many stories interpreted from it produces various perspectives that seem to change as years pass, with bibles being revised/edited. Even translation from ancient languages into modern languages are not always perfect, so real misunderstandings will remain. However,Read MoreThe Holy Text Of The Bible765 Words   |  4 Pagesvirtually shaped the world so throughout this essay I will discuss about the holy text of the bible, and about the general concept of the Judaism. Frist, Judaism has a rich history of religious text. As Rabbi Edwards from Rodfei Zedek stated, â€Å"The Torah is the first part of the Jewish Bible. It is the central and most important document of Judaism and had been used by Jews through the ages†. There are five books where the bible is made Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. Torah refersRead MoreThe Holy Bible And Holy Torah1454 Words   |  6 Pageshypothesis. This included one interview with a devout Catholic from the Islands of Fiji (Mar, Interviewee,13/07/15). Moreover, comprehensive secondary research was gathered from a variety of books and relevant websites. In particular, the holy Bible and the holy Torah were very useful, as this main aspects of information gathering denoted a very different and diverse approach to the Initiation ritual. The writer will investigate how he has used the information to formulate, his own ideas and conceptsRead MoreThe Bible : The Holy Spirit1344 Words   |   6 PagesIntroduction The Bible, composed by 40 authors inside a 1500 year time frame, is an assorted collection of books varying in types, ranging from history, law, prophecy, gospel, and personal epistles. One book telling one story, the Bible’s author, the Holy Spirit, inspires all the writers to tell the world God’s story of salvation through His son Jesus Christ. Featuring God as originator of creation, King of creation, and source of creation, the Bible highlights the kingdom of God as one good funRead MoreThe Bible And The Holy Spirit1702 Words   |  7 Pagesevents that took place in the past, but when you pick up the Bible and read the New Testament and come across the books of Acts, you will be immersed with the Holy Spirit. God’s miraculous hands are placed upon the book of Acts. He is the only one that is able to give this book its meaning in the manner in which we are directed the message that He wants to portray to in our daily lives. Throughout the book of Acts, any reader of the Bible can give account as to what God’s movement throughout the churchRead MoreThe Holy Bible And The Crusades921 Words   |  4 Pagesmany Jews lived there. Saul needed letters from the most important priest. Then he would have authority. He could catch any believer that he found. People called the early Christians ‘those who followed the way of the lord†.† Acts 1: 1-2. (The sword bible translators notes). He was a witness in the stoning of Stephen in Acts 7. He met with Jesus on his way to Damascus and he was charged with a message to the Gentiles. Ananias was commanded by God to go to the street call straight and pray for Saul who

The Ramifications of Government Reform on Education Essay

America currently ranks 36th in the world in regards to education. This encompasses reading, math, and science. Education in the United States represents multiple achievement gaps across ethnicities, income levels, and geography. There are many reasons as to why America ranks low. The curriculum in the United States varies widely from district to district and stretches from state to state, which is one of the major problems in why America compares greatly to that of other countries. For instance, different schools offer different classes. In some schools classes that may be a requirement for students might not even be an option for others at a school that may be right across town. This pertains especially to public and private schools.†¦show more content†¦As a result, states are required to develop assessments on basic skills. These assessments vary and can be given on any subject with varying frequencies. Because the act does not enforce a national achievement standard, ea ch state develops its own standards. Therefore, the requirements, expectations, and achievements are diverse. â€Å"The No Child Left Behind Act promotes the idea that competition between schools will increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the education system. At the same time, the rhetoric of NCLB maintains the progressive message of the â€Å"Common School† era† (Aske, Connolly, Corman, 107) In essence, it is contradictory. On the one hand the act wants competition so that students will learn more and want to achieve more. However, it also wants all schools to be on the same level or playing field so that they are equal. In order to achieve with competition some will have to be left behind, therefore there is no real way to measure actual achievement with a common school ideal. The â€Å"Common School† era dates back to the 19th century and states that in America it is the idea or expectation that all children are supported equally in regards to education and are afforded the same opportunities. It is â€Å"based on the view that education should be an equitable, assimilative,Show MoreRelatedThe Fall Of The Roman Empire1216 Words   |  5 Pagesinhabitants. At the end of these attacks political structures and the authority of the government was left shattered. The church survived and thrived, while the government collapsed. The church would become the defender of justice and order. The Bishop of Rome was involved in regaining the stability and unity that had been destroyed by the barbarian invasions. The services previously provided by the government were now being offered by the church under the guidance of the Bishop of Rome; later wouldRead MoreProblems Within Education Today s Education Essay1728 Words   |  7 PagesProblems Within Education Today For my extra credit assignment I would like to research, and write about the problems in education today. According to chapter eight in the book, worldwide one in five adults can not read or write, two thirds of them being women. The problems we are facing in education can be linked to other social problems such as poverty or unemployment, seeing that those who graduate college make up twenty percent of the unemployment rate, compared to the forty percent of the unemploymentRead MoreThe Prison Industrial Complex Has Created A System Of Force Free Labor931 Words   |  4 Pagesunion and hundreds of years later, America remains a nonegalitarian society. Not only are those incarcerated barred from suffrage, as throughout much of US history for African Americans, but they also endure legalized discrimination in housing, education, public welfare and employment. Though there has been a change in language and people are no longer explicitly discriminatory or prejudiced based on race, they remain so on criminality and income, both significant indicators of race in this countryRead MoreThe Main Provisions Of The 1944 Education Act And 1988 Education Reform Act1499 Words   |  6 Pageschanges to education than the thousand years preceding it. This was largely in response to a recently industrialised country; with newly acquired voting rights, it became apparent that education should not be only for elites. Education is a crucial element of social mobility and it is important we fully understand both the positive and negative aspects of previous legislation to help us plan for the future. The were two major 20th century pieces of legislation: 1944 Education Act and 1988 Education ReformRead More Democracy Essay1105 Words   |  5 Pagesdictatorships have witnessed popular support by usurping democratic labels like in Iraq and Pakistan. By the dictionary definition, democracy is government by the people in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system. In a famous phrase of Abraham Lincoln, democracy is a government of the people, by the people, and for the people.Freedom and democracy are often used in place of each other, but the two are not the sameRead MoreNotes on Obamas 2013 State of the Union Address907 Words   |  4 Pagessuggestions about how this may be accomplished. The president offered bipartisanism as a useful tool in reaching this goal. Long term debt and health care are related as important factors in reaching this goal. President Obama suggested that tax reform is also necessary to help eliminate the countrys financial problems. Obama fingered tax loopholes for the rich as one way of reclaiming some lost economic power. Also Medicare was not offered as a cut to savings, rather the president promised thatRead MoreCauses Of Rural Urban Divide Of China1525 Words   |  7 PagesCauses of Rural-Urban Divide: Hukou China’s rural–urban gaps are much larger than those found in most other developing countries. This rural-urban divide can be traced back to before the first economic reform. Beginning in the 1950s, China separated urban and rural residents through a strictly enforced household registration system (hukou) and focused mainly on the development of urban cities. Hukou refers to permanent residency status and can be extremely hard to get in major cities since it isRead MoreBroad Shifts in the Markets vs. Shift in Societal Force1072 Words   |  5 Pagesconsidered a field where only buyers, sellers and the middle-men meet to interact or cause a business transaction to manifest with little or no regards to external factors such as information communication amp; technology, globalization, economic reforms’ tools (privatization, deregulation, subsidization and so on) and among others. The ongoing premium motor spirit (PMS) subsidy removal saga in Nigeria is a very good debate for the potency of social dynamics in the context of discourse in terms ofRead MoreRepeal The Second Amendment Essay844 Words   |  4 Pageskind; since 1999, there have been over 130 shootings at schools. Moreover, the last thirty years, there have been an additional sixty-two mass shootings (each leaving at least four dead). This leaves no room to question the necessity for gun rights reform (as cited in Stinebrickner, pg. 67 CITE). Therefore, America published an editorial titled Repeal the Second Amendment. The primary purpose of this article is to call for an examination of the implications, advantages, and (potential) consequencesRead MoreIntels Training For Engineering And English As A Second Language1636 Words   |  7 Pagescompany went a step further and developed the education system in a myriad of ways. This was also advantageous for Intel’s interests. Initially, Intel was concerned that Costa Rica did not have enough skilled professionals to work in its new assembly and testing facility. In order for the plant to be fully operational Intel would need to employ 1500 Costa Rican technicians (Cabrera Unruh, 2012). Intel received authorization from the Costa Rican government to partner with two of the country’s largest

E-Commerce Consulting Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the CSU E-Commerce Consulting Services. Answer: Porters Five Forces Model Analysis in the Floral Industry Threat of new Entrants The flower industry is growing fast, and as a result, many investors have been attracted to the business. The survival mechanism being improvised by the players in the sector is increasingly becoming complex, and as a result, the new entrants are finding it hard to dislodge the existing market incumbents (Gebreeyesus, Sonobe, 2012). Although they market seems competitive in nature, there is still a potential opportunity in online retailing of the commodity in many countries. The businesses like Amazon have dominated the online retailing industry for many years now since their strategies and customer loyalty are upbeat. Considering the frequency of new firms emerging in this industry, most of them do not have online market platforms from which distanced buyers can order. This has created an opportunity in the market for both the existing and new entrants who are ready to go digital in their flower sales. However, the challenging issue is the maintenance of an ordering system that ensures all the customers logging into the systems can complete their request and pay for the service (Schettler, Rombach Bitsch, 2015). Threat of Substitutes The floral industry is among the few industries that have very few substitutes for the products sold. This is giving the industry a niche in economic contribution and high returns on investments in the industry. More particularly, online selling of flowers have very few businesses, and as a result, there is a myriad of opportunities in this field. As for the actual threat posed by the close substitutes like artifacts and painting that can be used instead of flowers, their influence is negligible in the industry thus making the industry more open for investment. Developing an online retailing plan in this industry has gained momentum in the recent past owing to the improvements in technology. As a matter of fact, the income earned by businesses such as Amazon in retailing flowers in the United States exceeds the amounts being of those still selling through their physical stores. Judging from this revelation, it is evident that online business has more customers who are willing to order from their homes and get the products from the suppliers. Since there are no close substitutes for flowers, there are high possibilities of a business venture in this industry flourishing if the right strategies to reach the customers are used. It may include offering online ordering and home delivery services, which in most parts of Europe has proven effective. Power of Customers In the floral industry, buyers have less autonomy because there is also less substitute to the products being offered in this sector. For this reason, their pressure in regulating the prices of the flowers is less efficient and consequently giving the suppliers an opportunity to decide on the market prices of different brands of flowers. Considering the online marketing platforms that exist, many customers are willing to pay a stated amount for the flowers to be delivered at the doorstep (Mann, Jha, 2015). While investing in online retailing in the flower industry, it is worth noting that the potential buyers have a variety of platforms to source information on prices from and as a result, one ought to be keen on pricing and quality of the products. The most influential factor that is reducing the power of the customers in the industry is the quality and convenience of the services being offered by businesses that have embraced online selling of the flowers (Srinivasan, 2015). It has completely suppressed the bargaining power of the consumers making the less influential in dictating the prices of the flowers. Literally, this industry has more of has little customer bargaining power making it the most desired sector by investors. It is thus essential to design new strategies in both marketing and selling the products for you to reach out to as many people as possible. Power of Suppliers In the floral business, there are many suppliers many, but most of them are offline businesses. Only a small number of investors in this industry have ventured into online retailing of flowers creating a higher bargaining power in this category of floral business. However, in a general perspective, the flower industry have little supplier bargaining power despite the advantage of having fewer substitutes in the market. This is attributed to the large number of providers in the market, which according to Magretta (2012) makes the concentration ratio of suppliers to firms high. Judging by the influence the suppliers possess in the market, there are possibilities that other vendors can be cut out by the incumbent suppliers. This is a risk that most new entrants have to bear in mind before deciding to venture into the industry. However, there is less likelihood of the same happening in the online retailing category due to the less number of business in it. Furthermore, there is an increasing demand for online purchase of flowers in many countries as it has been seen to be efficient and convenient and works within short deadlines (Gebreeyesus, Sonobe, 2012). Industry rivalry The floral industry has many players currently offering similar commodities in the market. Due to this, the competition is at its peak, and it takes innovation and advertising strategies to gain a competitive advantage. Due to this reason, many businesses have opted to migrate from offline to online. However, their survival some of them has been short lived due to technological challenges and suppression from the leaders of this category of floral business. Despite the risks, there are still chances that a new entrant can conform to the existing pressures and use its strategies to gain a larger share of the market. It all takes the contribution of advertising and maintaining existing customers from the offline business and convincing them to embrace the new retailing strategy the firm has adopted. Furthermore, as an entrepreneur, it is essential to note that widening the customer base is founded on the quality you offer and the pricing of the products (Kautonen, van Gelderen, Fink, 2013). Risks Involved As you plan to venture in online business, it worth noting that there are some risks associated with the decision. The following key risks are probably going to be present. IT related risks: There are possibilities that the developments in technology will not be congruent to the services being offered. At times, there is a massive change in technology that renders online business less effective (Trusculescu, Draghici Albulescu, 2015). Losing Loyal Customers: When a business migrates from operating offline to online, not all the consumers will be able to access the services depending on their locations, and technology status. This poses a danger in new entrants in such a market and a critical evaluation is thus needed. Innovation risks: As a businessperson intending to move your flower business online, you should be prepared to embrace technology change to keep up with the changes. According to Eun Lee Stoel, (2014), there are various aspects that online customers consider before deciding to purchase their products. Key among them is security and Thus it is necessary to innovate new services for a better rating frequently System Crush or Hacking: While operating an online business, you are prone to attacks or failure of the website. When this happens, the customers will tend to purchase from the next available firm that convinces them, and this can be a permanent loss in the market share of the business (Kautonen, van Gelderen, Fink, 2013). How to Start the Service Before you decide on investing your finances on online retailing, critical decisions have to be made. First, have a background knowledge of how you want to undertake the business. Collect all the necessary information. Second, develop an easy-to-use and friendly website from which your clients will be ordering the flowers. This is a critical stage in establishing an online business and embracing ICT is imperative (Huang, Benyoucef, 2013). Third, design a marketing procedure that will ensure that the availability of the products and where they can get reaches as many customers as possible. Using search engines to direct traffic to your website is one of the best strategies to achieve this goal. In addition, informing your existing customers will benefit the business, as they will move with you to the new platform and purchase from there. Lastly, establish a reputation for yourself through quality services to all the clients and giving them after sales, services to encourage them to p urchase more flowers. Additionally, encourage your customers to subscribe to emails so that they can have updates of new products in the market or any offers that may be present. Such a strategy according to Piotrowicz, Cuthbertson (2014) is meant to ensure the consumers are always updated on the progress of the business. References Dobbs, M. (2014). Guidelines for applying Porter's five forces framework: a set of industry analysis templates.Competitiveness Review,24(1), 32-45. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cr-06-2013-0059 Eun Lee, J., Stoel, L. (2014). High versus low online price discounts: effects on customers perception of risks.Journal Of Product Brand Management,23(6), 401-412. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbm-06-2014-0633 Gebreeyesus, M., Sonobe, T. (2012). Global Value Chains and Market Formation Process in Emerging Export Activity: Evidence from Ethiopian Flower Industry.Journal Of Development Studies,48(3), 335-348. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2011.6351 Huang, Z., Benyoucef, M. (2013). From e-commerce to social commerce: A close look at design features.Electronic Commerce Research And Applications,12(4), 246-259. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elerap.2012.12.003 Kautonen, T., van Gelderen, M., Fink, M. (2013). Robustness of the Theory of Planned Behavior in Predicting Entrepreneurial Intentions and Actions.Entrepreneurship Theory And Practice,39(3), 655-674. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/etap.12056 Magretta, J. (2012).Understanding Michael Porter(1st ed.). Boston, MA: Harvard Business Review Press. Mann, P., Jha, M. (2015). A Study on Indian Consumer Outlook towards Online Shopping and Payment.Asian Journal Of Management,6(3), 163. https://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2321-5763.2015.00024.4 Piotrowicz, W., Cuthbertson, R. (2014). Introduction to the Special Issue Information Technology in Retail: Toward Omnichannel Retailing.International Journal Of Electronic Commerce,18(4), 5-16. https://dx.doi.org/10.2753/jec1086-4415180400 Srinivasan, R. (2015). Exploring the Impact of Social Norms and Online Shopping Anxiety in the Adoption of Online Apparel Shopping by Indian Consumers.Journal Of Internet Commerce,14(2), 177-199. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15332861.2015.1008891 Schettler, C., Rombach, M., Bitsch, V. (2015, May). Perceived advantages and barriers of buying cut flowers online. In XVIII International Symposium on Horticultural Economics and Management 1132 (pp. 9-16). Trusculescu, A., Draghici, A., Albulescu, C. T. (2015). Operational Drivers of Business Valuations in the E-Commerce Sector: Focus on Public Companies That Assume Inventory Risk. In Managing Intellectual Capital and Innovation for Sustainable and Inclusive Society: Managing Intellectual Capital and Innovation; Proceedings of the MakeLearn and TIIM Joint International Conference 2015(pp. 787-794). ToKnowPress.

Social Media Coca Cola Essay Sample free essay sample

Social media refers to the agencies of interactions among people in which they create. portion. exchange and remark on contents among themselves in practical communities and webs. Types of Social Media Different types of societal media include collaborative undertakings such as Wikipedia. web logs such as Blogger. societal networking sites such as Twitter and Facebook. content communities such as YouTube. and practical universes such as Second Life. Social Media and Marketing Social media gives sellers a voice and a manner to pass on with equals. clients and possible consumers. It personalizes the â€Å"brand† and helps you to distribute your message in a relaxed and colloquial manner. Coca Cola and Social Media Marketing Every twenty-four hours. people discuss. argument and encompass The Coca-Cola Company and our trade names in 1000s of on-line conversations. We recognize the critical importance of take parting in these on-line conversations and are committed to guaranting that we participate in on-line societal media the right manner. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Media: Coca Cola Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These Online Social Media Principles have been developed to assist authorise our associates to take part in this new frontier of selling and communications. stand for our Company. and portion the optimistic and positive liquors of our trade names. Scheme: Coca Cola late shared their selling program with the universe. demoing that they have genuinely embraced the collaborative nature of Social Media. As portion of their Social Media scheme. Coke is seting the accent back on the consumer. They use dynamic storytelling as portion of the content creative activity procedure. doing it interesting. exciting and purposeful. Goals: * Develop Social Media as an extra selling A ; branding channel ( in alliance with bing ‘traditional’ channels ) * To be everyplace their consumers are* Provide a assortment of ways for consumers to take part in the plan Target Audience: Coke fans. ace fans. and consumers Message:Tell narrative of the nucleus trade name and let consumers to transport frontward that message. Approach:Coke has applied what they call the ‘’4R’’ attack to Social Media usage: * Reappraisal: Proctor and path online conversations about Coke * Respond: Reacting rapidly and suitably to remarks online. guarantee employees tasked to react are ‘certified’ ( trained to react ) * Record: Cardinal steps and indexs of success Redirect: Directing the societal media traffic back to the chief Coke web site. guaranting there are links on all sites The vision of the Company to accomplish sustainable growing online and offline is guided by certain shared values that we live by as an organisation and as persons: * LEADERSHIP: The bravery to determine a better hereafter ; * COLLABORATION: Leveraging our corporate mastermind ;* INTEGRITY: Being existent ;* ACCOUNTABILITY: Acknowledging that if it is to be. it’s up to me ; * PASSION: Showing committedness in bosom and head ;* DIVERSITY: Being every bit inclusive as our trade names ; and* Quality: Guaranting what we do. we do good. These Online Social Media Principles are intended to sketch how these values should be demonstrated in the on-line societal media infinite and to steer your engagement in this country. both when you are take parting personally. every bit good as when you are moving on behalf of the Company. It is critical that we ever retrieve who we are ( a selling company ) and what our function is in the societal media community ( to construct our trade names ) . The same regulations that apply to our messaging and communications in traditional media still use in the on-line societal media infinite ; merely because the development and execution of an on-line societal media plan can be fast. easy. and cheap doesn’t mean that different regulations apply. The Company encourages all of its associates to research and prosecute in societal media communities at a degree at which they feel comfy. Have fun. but be smart. The best advice is to near on-line universes in the same manner we do the physi cal one — by utilizing sound judgement and common sense. by adhering to the Company’s values. and by following the Code of Business Conduct and all other applicable policies. Company Committedness The Company adheres strongly to its nucleus values in the on-line societal media community. and we expect the same committedness from all Company representatives — including Company associates. and associates of our bureaus. sellers and providers. Any divergence from these committednesss may be capable to disciplinary reappraisal or other appropriate action. The Five Core Valuess of the Company in the Online Social Media Community 1. Transparency in every societal media battle. The Company does non excuse pull stringsing the societal media flow by making â€Å"fake† finishs and stations designed to misdirect followings and command a conversation. Every Web site. â€Å"fan page† . or other on-line finish that is finally controlled by the Company must do that fact known to users and must be authorized harmonizing to applicable internal protocols in order to track and supervise the Company’s online presence. We besides require bloggers and societal media infl uencers to unwrap to their readers when we’re tie ining with them. whether by supplying them with merchandise samples or hosting them at Company events. and we need to supervise whether they are following with this demand. 2. Protection of our consumers’ privateness. This means that we should be painstaking sing any Personally Identifiable Information ( PII ) that we collect. including how we collect. shop. usage. or portion that PII. all of which should be done pursuant to applicable Privacy Policies. Torahs and IT policies. 3. Respect of right of first publications. hallmarks. rights of promotion. and other third-party rights in the on-line societal media infinite. including with respect to user-generated content ( UGC ) . How precisely you do this may depend on your peculiar state of affairs. so work with your cross-functional squads to do informed. appropriate determinations. 4. Duty in our usage of engineering. We will non utilize or aline the Company with any organisations or Web sites that deploy the usage of inordinate trailing package. adware. malware or spyware. 5. Use of best patterns. listening to the online community. and conformity with applicable ordinances to guarantee that these Online Social Media Principles remain current and reflect the most up-to-date and appropriate criterions of behaviour. Company AND AGENCY ASSOCIATES’ ONLINE SOCIAL MEDIA ACTIVITIES The Company respects the rights of its associates and its authorised agencies’ associates to utilize web logs and other societal media tools non merely as a signifier of self-expression. but besides as a agency to foster the Company’s concern. It is of import that all associates are cognizant of the deductions of prosecuting in signifiers of societal media and on-line conversations that reference the Company and/or the associate’s relationship with the Company and its trade names. and that associates recognize when the Company might be held responsible for their behaviour. Expectations for Online SpokespeopleMerely as with traditional media. we have an chance — and a duty — to efficaciously pull off the Company’s repute online and to selectively prosecute and take part in the 1000s of on-line conversations that mention us every twenty-four hours. The following 10 rules steer how our Certified Online Spokespeople should stand for the Company in an online. official capacity when they are talking â€Å"on behalf of the Company: † * Be Certified in the Social Media Certification Program. All associates who wish to officially stand for the Company online must finish the Social Media Certification Program prior to get downing or go oning these activities. * Follow our Code of Business Conduct and all other Company policies. Our Code of Business Conduct provides the foundation for these Online Social Media Principles: â€Å"As a representative of [ the Company ] . you must move with honestness and unity in all affairs. † Thi s committedness is true for all signifiers of societal media. In add-on. several other policies govern your behaviour as a Company interpreter in the on-line societal media infinite. including the Information Protection Policy and the Insider Trading Policy. * Be aware that you are stand foring the Company. As a Company representative. it is of import that your stations convey the same positive. optimistic spirit that the Company instills in all of its communications. Be respectful of all persons. races. faiths and civilizations ; how you conduct yourself in the on-line societal media infinite non merely reflects on you — it is a direct contemplation on the Company. * Fully unwrap your association with the Company. The Company requires all associates who are pass oning on behalf of the Company to ever unwrap their name and their association. It is neer acceptable to utilize assumed names or otherwise deceive people. State your relationship with the Company from the beginning. e. g. . â€Å"Hi. I’m John and I work for The Coca-Cola Company†¦ . † This revelation is every bit of import for any agency/vendor/partner/third party who is stand foring the Company online. They must unwrap that they work â€Å"with The C oca-Cola Company. † * Keep records. It is critical that we keep records of our interactions in the on-line societal media infinite and supervise the activities of those with whom we engage. Because on-line conversations are frequently fugitive and immediate. it is of import for you to maintain path of them when you’re officially stand foring the Company. Remember that online Company statements can be held to the same legal criterions as traditional media communications. Keep records of any on-line duologue refering to the Company and direct a transcript to the internal electronic mail reference that you have been provided. * When in uncertainty. make non post. Associates are personally responsible for their words and actions. wherever they are. As on-line spokespeople. you must guarantee that your stations are wholly accurate and non deceptive. and that they do non uncover non-public information of the Company. Exercise sound judgement and common sense. and if there is any uncertainty. DO NOT POST IT. In any circumstance in which you are unsure about how to react to a station. direct the nexus to the internal electronic mail reference that you have been provided. * Give recognition where recognition is due and don’t violate others’ rights. DO NOT claim writing of something that is non yours. If you are utilizing another party’s content. do certain that they are credited for it in your station and that they approve of you using their content. Make non utilize the right of first publications. hallmarks. promotion rights. or other rights of others without the necessary permissions of the rights holder ( s ) . * Be responsible to your work. The Company understands that associates engage in on-line societal media activities at work for legitimate intents and that these activities may be helpful for Company personal businesss. However. the Company encourages all associates to exert sound judgement and common sense to forestall on-line societal media sites from going a distraction at work. * Remember that your local stations can hold planetary significance. The manner that you answer an on-line inquiry might be accurate in some parts of the universe. but inaccurate ( or even illegal ) in others. Keep that â€Å"world view† in head when you are take parting in on-l ine conversations. * Know that the Internet is lasting. Once information is published online. it is basically portion of a lasting record. even if you â€Å"remove/delete† it later or try to do it anon. . If your complete idea. along with its context. can non be squeezed into a character-restricted infinite ( such as Twitter ) . supply a nexus to an on-line infinite where the message can be expressed wholly and accurately. Social media is the hereafter of sellingEvery concern can larn and derive from Coca Cola’s societal media scheme for this decennary. It is important that you keep in head your concern ends. your trade name individuality and your mark audience. While one can take a page from this run scheme every concern will necessitate to develop its ain attack to societal media. Handled with idea and attention. societal media such as Facebook can do or destroy reputes. It is besides imperative to understand that a societal media enterprise is non a erstwhile activity but requires changeless direction daily. all twelvemonth long. A Facebook shop can showcase your merchandise scope and encourage and fans and their friends to shop online. For many Facebook users their clip spent on the web is their particular clip spent with friends. It is besides the clip to seek sentiments and recommendations. A individual is more likely to look into out a Facebook shop where a friend shopped late. Rapid development in applications has made shopping on Facebook merriment and interesting. A client can now shop on the societal web without holding to go forth it. An app like Storefront Social can assist a concern custom-make its Facebook store and do it look and experience alone. It is possible to remain in touch with what is of import to the mark audiences and present consequently. Peoples like to purchase the trade names that they like. They besides like trade names that appreciate them. On Facebook you can guarantee that you non merely talk to your clients but can listen to them every bit good. Whether yours is a start-up or a concern that has been in the market for many old ages. it can profit by utilizing societal media efficaciously. * In an interview with the Harvard Business Review. Coca-Cola CEO Muhtar Kent said that societal media selling histories for over 20 per centum of the company’s media spend †¦ and is turning fast. The executive said that five old ages ago. societal media accounted for merely 3 per centum.

The Useful Generic List in VB.NET

The Useful Generic List in VB.NET Generics extend the power and flexibility of VB.NET in a lot of areas, but you get a bigger performance benefit and more programming options in the generic List object [List(Of T)] than with any other. To use List(Of T), you have to understand how to implement the many methods that the .NET Framework provides. Below are three examples using ForEach, FindAll, and Sort, that demonstrates how the generic List class works. The very first step is to create a generic List. You can get the data in a lot of ways, but the simplest is to just Add it. The code below shows how to classify my beer and wine collection! Starting Code There first needs to be an object that will represent a bottle from the collection. In a Windows Forms application, the Form class has to first be in a file or the Visual Studio designer wont work correctly, so put this at the end: Public Class Bottle Public Brand As String Public Name As String Public Category As String Public Size As Decimal Public Sub New( _ ByVal m_Brand As String, _ ByVal m_Name As String, _ ByVal m_Category As String, _ ByVal m_Size As Decimal) Brand m_Brand Name m_Name Category m_Category Size m_Size End Sub End Class To build the collection, Add the items. This is whats in the Form Load event: Dim Cabinet As List(Of Bottle) _ New List(Of Bottle) Cabinet.Add(New Bottle( _ Castle Creek, _ Uintah Blanc, _ Wine, 750)) Cabinet.Add(New Bottle( _ Zion Canyon Brewing Company, _ Springdale Amber Ale, _ Beer, 355)) Cabinet.Add(New Bottle( _ Spanish Valley Vineyards, _ Syrah, _ Wine, 750)) Cabinet.Add(New Bottle( _ Wasatch Beers, _ Polygamy Porter, _ Beer, 355)) Cabinet.Add(New Bottle( _ Squatters Beer, _ Provo Girl Pilsner, _ Beer, 355)) All of the above code is standard code in VB.NET 1.0. However, note that by defining your own Bottle object, you get the benefits of multiple types in the same collection (in this case, both String and Decimal) and efficient, type safe late binding. ForEach Example The fun starts when we use the methods. To begin, lets implement the familiar ForEach method. The Microsoft documentation includes this usage syntax definition: Dim instance As List Dim action As Action(Of T) instance.ForEach(action) Microsoft further defines action as delegate to a method that performs an action on the object passed to it. The elements of the current List(T) are individually passed to the Action(T) delegate. Tip: For more on delegates, read Using Delegates in Visual Basic .NET for Runtime Flexibility. The first thing you need to code is the method that will be delegated. Misunderstanding this one key point is the source of most of the confusion of VB.NET students. This function, or subroutine, is where all of the customized coding for the Of type objects is done. When performed correctly, youre essentially done. Its really simple in this first example. An entire instance of the Bottle is passed and the subroutine selects anything needed out of it. Coding the ForEach itself is simple too. Just fill in the address of the delegate using the AddressOf method. Sub displayBottle(ByVal b As Bottle) ResultList.Items.Add( _ b.Brand ) ResultList.Items.Add(-) Cabinet.ForEach(AddressOf displayBottle) End Sub FindAll Example FindAll is a little more complicated. The Microsoft documentation for FindAll looks like this: Dim instance As List Dim match As Predicate(Of T) Dim returnValue As List(Of T) returnValue instance.FindAll(match) This syntax includes a new element, Predicate(Of T). According to Microsoft, this will represent the method that defines a set of criteria and determines whether the specified object meets those criteria. In other words, you can create any code that will find something in the list. I coded my Predicate(Of T) to find anything in the Beer Category. Instead of calling the delegate code for each item in the list, FindAll returns an entire List(T) containing only the matches that result from your Predicate(Of T). Its up to your code to both define this second List(T) and do something with it. My code just adds the items to a ListBox. Private Sub FindAllButton_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles FindAllButton.Click ResultList.Items.Clear() ResultList.Items.Add(FindAll Example) ResultList.Items.Add(-) Dim sublist As List(Of Bottle) sublist Cabinet.FindAll(AddressOf findBeer) For Each r As Bottle In sublist ResultList.Items.Add( _ r.Brand - _ r.Name - _ r.Category - _ r.Size) Next End Sub Function findBeer(ByVal b As Bottle) _ As Boolean If (b.Category Beer) Then Return True Else Return False End If End Function Sort Example The final method this article examines is Sort. Again, Microsoft uses some terminology you might not be familiar with. There are actually four different overloads of the Sort method: Sort()Sort(IComparer(T))Sort(Comparison(T))Sort(Int32, Int32, IComparer(T)) This lets you use sort methods defined in the .NET Framework for the list, code your own, use a system defined comparison for the type, or sort part of the collection using a starting position and count parameter. In this example, since I use the following syntax to actually perform the sort, Im using the third overload. x.Name.x.Name.CompareTo(y.Name)(y.Name) Ive coded another delegate to my own comparer. Since I want to sort by my Name, I pull just that value out of each instance of the Bottle object that is passed and use the Sort(Comparison(Of (T))). The Sort method actually rearranges the original List(T). Thats what is processed after the method is executed. Private Sub SortButton_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles SortButton.Click ResultList.Items.Clear() ResultList.Items.Add(Sort Example) ResultList.Items.Add(-) Cabinet.Sort(AddressOf sortCabinet) For Each r As Bottle In Cabinet ResultList.Items.Add( _ r.Name - _ r.Brand - _ r.Category - _ r.Size) Next End Sub Private Shared Function sortCabinet( _ ByVal x As Bottle, ByVal y As Bottle) As Integer Return x.Name.CompareTo(y.Name) End Function These methods were selected to demonstrate the major ways that the Framework methods in List(T) are actually coded. Theres a whole raft of other methods, however. Thats what makes List(T) so useful!

History of the Oven From Cast Iron to Electric

History of the Oven From Cast Iron to Electric Ancient people first began cooking on open fires. The cooking fires were placed on the ground and later simple masonry construction was used to hold the wood and/or food. Simple ovens were used by the ancient Greeks for making bread and other baked goods. By the middle ages, taller brick mortar hearths, often with chimneys were being built. The food to be cooked was often placed in metal cauldrons that were hung above the fire. The first written historical record of an oven being built refers to an oven built in 1490 in Alsace, France. This oven was made entirely of brick and tile, including the flue. Improvements to Wood Burning Ovens Inventors began making improvements to wood burning stoves primarily to contain the bothersome smoke that was being produced. Fire chambers were invented that contained the wood fire, and holes were built into the top of these chambers so that cooking pots with flat bottoms could be placed directly upon replacing the cauldron. One masonry design of note was the 1735 Castrol stove (aka stew stove). This was invented by French architect Franà §ois Cuvillià ©s. It was able to completely contain the fire and had several openings covered by iron plates with holes. Iron Stoves Around 1728, cast iron ovens really began to be made in high quantities. These first ovens of German design were called Five-plate or Jamb stoves. Around 1800, Count Rumford (aka Benjamin Thompson) invented a working iron kitchen stove called the Rumford stove that was designed for very large working kitchens. The Rumford had one fire source that could heat several cooking pots.  The heating level for each pot could also be regulated individually. However, the Rumford stove was too large for the average kitchen and inventors had to continue to improve their designs. One successful and compact cast iron design was Stewarts Oberlin iron stove, patented in 1834. Cast iron stoves continued to evolve, with iron gratings added to the cooking holes, and added chimneys and connecting flue pipes. Coal and Kerosene Frans Wilhelm Lindqvist designed the first sootless kerosene oven. Jordan Mott invented the first practical coal oven in 1833. Motts oven was called the baseburner. The oven had ventilation to burn the coal efficiently. The coal oven was cylindrical and was made of heavy cast iron with a hole in the top, which was then enclosed by an iron ring. Gas British inventor  James Sharp patented a gas oven in 1826, the first semi-successful gas oven to appear on the market. Gas ovens were found in most households by the 1920s with top burners and interior ovens. The evolution of gas stoves was delayed until gas lines that could furnish gas to households became common. During the 1910s, gas stoves appeared with enamel coatings that made the stoves easier to clean. One important gas design of note was the AGA cooker invented in 1922 by Swedish Nobel prize winner Gustaf Dalà ©n. Electricity It was not until the late 1920s and early 1930s that electric ovens began to compete with gas ovens.  Electric ovens were available as early as the 1890s. However, at that time, the technology and distribution of the electricity needed to power these early electric appliances still needed improvements. Some historians credit  Canadian Thomas Ahearn with inventing the first electric oven in 1882. Thomas Ahearn and his business partner Warren Y. Soper owned the Chaudiere Electric Light and Power Company of Ottawa. However, the Ahearn oven was only put into service in 1892, in the Windsor Hotel in Ottawa. The Carpenter Electric Heating Manufacturing Company invented an electric oven in 1891. An electric stove was exhibited at the Chicago Worlds Fair in 1893. On June 30, 1896, William Hadaway was issued the first patent for an electric oven. In 1910, William Hadaway went on to design the first toaster made by Westinghouse, a horizontal combination toaster-cooker. One major improvement in electric ovens was the invention of resistor heating coils, a familiar design in ovens also seen in hotplates. Microwaves The microwave oven was a by-product of another technology. It was during a radar-related research project around 1946 that Dr. Percy Spencer, an engineer with the Raytheon Corporation, noticed something very unusual when he was standing in front of an active combat radar. The candy bar in his pocket melted. He began to investigate and soon enough, the microwave oven was invented.

Discuss How Benedict's Work Developed Boas Vision of Anthropology And Essay

Discuss How Benedict's Work Developed Boas Vision of Anthropology And Whether It Also Represented a New Direction In American Anthropology - Essay Example This anthropological method is still considered to be highly effective today, as it reduces bias in analysis (Young, 2005). The idea of cultural relativism is also much championed in the work of Boas. Like Benedict after him, Boas held the belief that each cultural system only has meaning when studied as a whole, apart from other cultural systems. The moral compass of that particular culture should not be judged against our own moral compass, because they have to be seen relatively (Herskovits, 1973). Additionally, both Boas and Benedict understood that culture and cultural systems change over time, which means that there is an element of historical relativism found in both their works (Herskovits, 1973). This means that an anthropologist should look at a culture as an entity in both time and space to fully understand the rituals and symbols found within it (Herskovits, 1973). It is interesting to see how Benedict took these original ideas about cultural anthropology from Boas and de veloped them with her own fieldwork and evidence. For example, some of Benedict’s early fieldwork was a continuation of Boas’, working with the Kwakiutl Native American group. Benedict began gathering evidence that, whilst the customs of the Kwakiutl may seem strange, they are intelligible when considered as a part of the whole. This thought was followed on with her own fieldwork on the Pueblo group, found in New Mexico. Again, many of the customs and symbols found in Pueblo culture may seem alien to those reading â€Å"Patterns of Culture†, but Benedict (like Boas before her) encouraged the reader to think outside of their own culture to aid... This paper approves that the cultural relativism which was so promoted by Boas and developed by Benedict has come to be a cornerstone of most academic anthropology. Many academic textbooks promote the idea that a degree of neutrality is needed for true anthropological research. It is easy to assume that all cultures share the same moral and ethical values as our own, but many do not. Many make the mistake of assuming that other cultures are somehow ‘wrong’ for not adhering to ‘our’ values, which ruins empirical fieldwork. In this sense, Boas and Benedict had a huge impact on American anthropology and how it has developed into the scientific field that it is today. Thisreport makes a conclusion that Benedict built on these strong foundations to develop her idea of cultural identity and national personalities, including some of Boas’ fieldwork in her own research. Overall, the work of Boas and Benedict have been highly influential in the field, having been incorporated into the work of important anthropologists such as Margaret Mead. Particularly important are the emphasis that Boas put onto cultural relativism, suggesting that anthropologists need to be careful when examining other cultures to take the culture as a whole without judgement using personal morals and ethics. Additionally, Boas was highly critical of racism within the field, something which is generally championed by anthropologists working in the field today.

Interrelation with exports in business Research Paper

Interrelation with exports in business - Research Paper Example Interrelation with exports in business This process then motivates increased purchasing by international vendors and consumers. This process has a varying impact on United States businesses. While one would assume that such processes would have a beneficial impact, this is not always the case. One concern is the impact of import costs. While one would assume that such processes would have a beneficial impact, this is not always the case. One concern is the impact of import costs. Oftentimes there are goods that are necessary for product that can only be purchased internationally (Rosenbush, 2012). The increase of prices for these products would negatively impact United States businesses. Another consideration is in terms of larger macroeconomic elements. While in the short-term a falling dollar can beneficially impact United States businesses, if the United States currency continues to depreciate over extended periods then this rising inflation can potentially result in rising unemployment rates (Hagerty, 2012). This unemployment would then have a negative impact on United States businesses for a variety of reasons. Still another consideration is that the falling United States dollar could potentially result in a situation where foreign and even domestic investors grow wary of investing in the United States (Hagert y, 2012). This lack of foreign investment or domestic spending would then result in economic stagnation within the United States, ultimately having a negative impact on business.

The Chimney Sweeper Timed Write Essay Example for Free

The Chimney Sweeper Timed Write Essay These poems have many similarities, but also have some differences. Diction, poetic techniques, and the tones of each poem are some of the similarities and differences. The author’s purpose for writing both these poems is to show how things change from innocence to experience over time, and to show how it affects the people involved. These poems are similar in the way that the author uses meter, figurative language, and poetic technique. Irony is also a big part of the way the poems can be seen as similar. In the first poem the author writes, â€Å"So if all do their duty, they need not fear harm.† This is ironic because if the kids do carry their duties out, they will actually be harmed, and will not be safe as the quote implies. Similarly the author uses irony in the next poem, which shows more experience rather than innocence like the first, when he writes, â€Å"Who make up a heaven of our misery.† This is ironic because heaven is always thought to be a happy wonderful place, where no one is sad or in pain or anything else of that nature. Another way these poems are similar is the way the author uses symbols. In both poems the colors white and black are used. In the first poem â€Å"white hair† shows the innocence, while in the second poem, â€Å"A little black thing† is showing the experience and how it has been stained. Other symbols in the poems include lambs, snow, and soot. These represent innocence, purity, and the stain of experience on the innocence of the children. Lastly the meters are the same in each poem, both are anapestic. These poems have many similarities to show the connection between the two different poems and how innocence will change to experience. Although these poems have many similarities, the author uses differences in each poem to show how things change, and when they change from innocence to experience things are very different. In the first poem you can almost hear a childlike playful tone, it seems as though the kids do not know what they are getting into and are kind of excited about a new adventure. While in the second poem, songs of experience, the tone is darker, the kids are not excited about the adventure; they are scared and know how dangerous it is. It talks more about death and criticizes monarchy and religion, as though they are blaming them for their misery and pain. Both of these tones are best described in, â€Å"Tho’ the morning was cold, Tom was happy and warm;† This is from the first poem, they are still happy although they know they are in a danger. From the second poem, â€Å"They clothed me in clothes of death,† this is a very somber line and shows how the child now knows the dangers and has experienced tragedy. The author uses these differences to show us the way that, as life goes on sometimes perspectives change, and sometimes it is for the worse.

Poverty and Sociology Essay -- Sociology Essays

In 2010, about 46.2 million people were considered poor. The nation’s poverty rate rose to 15.1 percent, whereas in 2009, 14.3 percent of people in America were living in poverty (Censky, 2011). That is an increase of 2.6 million people in 2010. In the United States, the federal poverty line – an absolute measure of annual income – is frequently used to determine who is categorized as poor (Ferris & Stein, 2008, 2010). Currently the government defines the poverty line as an income of $11,139 for an individual and $22,314 for a family of four (Censky, 2011). In sociology, poverty can be defined using two terms – relative deprivation and absolute deprivation. Relative deprivation is a comparison between people and social class. With relative deprivation, people are considered poor if their standard of living is less than that of other members of society (Ferris & Stein, 2008, 2010). Absolute deprivation is an objective measure of poverty, whereby people are considered poor because he or she is incapable to meet minimal fundamentals such as food, shelter, health care and material objects. Is it difficult to participate in society for those who live in an impoverished life? Many would say that people living in poverty are behind in our cultural movement; that he or she lack the essentials to be on an equal level with the rest of society. Many theories have been applied to the issue of poverty with controversy over how and if the poverty problem should be addressed. Inequality, homelessness, and the idea of the American dream also has an influence on poverty. A theory of poverty promoted in 1959 by Oscar Lewis is the idea of a culture of poverty theory. The culture of poverty theory is an entrenched attitude that can develop am... ...does not match reality since it is more of an ideology. The American Dream is nothing more than a belief that explains and justifies some sort of social arrangement, in this case America’s social class hierarchy (Ferris & Stein, 2008, 2010). A problem with the achievement of the American Dream is inequality. Inequality rooted in race, social class and ethnicity suggests that the American Dream is not attainable at all. Sociologists found that no matter how hard an individual works or seeks out a good education, the majority will make little movement up the social class ladder at all. The American Dream does the opposite of what it is sought out to be; it encourages consumerism and valorizes material wealth which ultimately leaves Americans in debt. With Americans going more and more into debt, there is an increasingly unlikely escape from their position of poverty.

Employees in management Essay

Any employee can acquire or possess characteristics that may make him deserve a managerial level position. In addition to that, this is a part of the civil rights and so equality should also be upheld by giving everyone equal opportunities to a managerial level position. This paper intends to prove that indeed, â€Å"Yes, businesses should grant all employees the opportunity to move into management level positions† (Sugarman n. . ). Explaining the first reason further, any employee can learn to become a good â€Å"manager† provided that he or she perseveres, learns from all his or her past experiences, and possesses the qualities of a person that can hold and run a management level position successfully (Sugarman n. p. ). Examples include the following: there are employees who are dedicate and serve for a cause instead of just carrying out what the job asks them to; there are employees who gets inspired by advancement, the work itself, personal growth, and responsibility, instead of just recognition, achievement, affiliation, and power; there are employees who have the capacity to innovate instead of just administer; there are employees who can do the right things instead of just doing things right; there are employees who are brilliant and can develop instead of just maintain; there are employees who can keep and think of a longer-term perspective; there are employees who can challenge instead of just accept the status quo; there are employees who can keep their concern for those who belong to ranks lower than them; there are employees who can originate instead of just imitate; there are employees who can walk in someone else’s shoes instead of just listening to how their subordinates say thin gs (Sugarman n. p. ) In addition to that, for the sake of equality and to uphold the civil rights, yes everyone should be granted the chance to be promoted to management level positions. For instance, back then, women were not allowed to be in the top level position at least until the implementation of Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act which gave the women entry to employment and good positions eventually as well (Lindsey 27). On a final note, â€Å"Businesses should grant all employees the opportunity to move into management level positions† (Sugarman n. p. ). This is because equality should always exist and because all employees have the capacity to hold and run a management level position.

Nick’s Story

A. Which symptoms that Nick has described so far are relevant to the nervous system? Are his symptoms sensory, motor, or both? Nick has complained of burning and prickly pain in feet, clumsiness, dizziness when sitting or standing, and vision problems. These are symptoms of both sensory and motor nerve damage. B. Do you think the symptoms Nick describes are likely caused by peripheral nerve damage? Could they be caused by damage to the central nervous system? I believe there has been peripheral nerve damage because of the symptoms that he exhibits.It seems that his receptors are not effectively communicating back to the central nervous system; in addition he is losing his somatic reflexes in his feet, both indicating damage to his somatic nervous system. I guess there could be damage to the central nervous system, but I would expect that the symptoms would be even more severe. C. Diabetic neuropathies damage peripheral nerves. Which component of the reflex arc is most likely to be da maged in Nick’s situation? I think a lot of Nicks reflex arc damage would begin at the sensory neuron.Stimuli are still triggering the receptor, but the information isn’t traveling along the damaged sensory neuron to continue the arc to the integrating centers, motor neurons, and effectors, though the damage could be further along in the reflex arc providing basically the same symptoms. D. Which division of the autonomic nervous system would be affected and would be causing Nick’s GI tract symptoms? Because his digestion is suppressed I would say the sympathetic division is mainly active, inhibiting the gastrointestinal tract.So the parasympathetic division of his nervous system, which allows motility of the gastrointestinal tract, is primarily affected. E. Nick’s light-headedness is caused by a condition known as orthostatic hypotension, a rapid drop in blood pressure upon standing up. Based on what you have learned so far, how does the autonomic nervous system control blood pressure? The hypothalamus connects the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the ANS by neurons in the brain and spinal cord and relay information.The posterior and lateral parts of the hypothalamus control the sympathetic division which constrict blood vessels and raise blood pressure. The anterior and medial parts of the hypothalamus control the parasympathetic division which lowers blood pressure. F. After becoming comatose, Nick was sweating profusely, and had rapid heart and respiratory rates and elevated blood pressure. Which area of the brain interacts with the autonomous nervous system during physical stress to initiate these responses? The hypothalamus . G. Nick has digestive symptoms indicating reduced gastrointestinal mobility.What autonomic receptors regulate closing of sphincters and relaxation of organ walls? Pelvic splanchnic nerves. H. Why would the term polyneuropathy be appropriate for the symptoms that Nick was experiencing? Because h is symptoms indicate that several different nerves and neural pathways were damaged. I. What symptoms noted by Nicks primary care physician indicated a polyneuropathy? Knowing that Nick was struggling to manage his diabetes definitely sent a red flag, additionally vision problems, feet problems, and balance issues indicated polyneuropathy. J.Why are Nicks generalized symptoms more indicative of a peripheral polyneuropathy than a central nervous system lesion to the brain or spinal cord? Because certain individual signals aren’t being interpreted and responded to effectively. K. Which of Nick’s systems were related to somatic reflexes? Which were related to autonomic reflexes? Somatic reflex issues were indicated by the lack of response in reflex and when nick wasn’t able to resist much to pressure against his foot. Autonomic reflexes were suppressed when Nick was unable to digest food, and increased when his blood pressure went up.

survival essays

survival essays 1. DEFINITIONS 2 Survival Survival is emerging from natural or manmade disaster in a better position than the average person. Preparedness Preparedness is making preparations before disaster or disasters strike to improve your chances of survival. Shelters are made to stay out of the wind, rain, and sun. Shelters are also used to live in and get plenty of rest. There are many types of shelters. The shelters are classified in to two categories, natural and man made. Natural shelters are shelters that you can find naturally made or not man made. There are many natural shelters. Here are some examples of natural shelters, caves, rocky overhangs, thickets, and many more. You can also find some other types of natural shelters. Man made shelters are shelter that you make. You may be lucky and find an abandoned building or some type of shelter. There are many types of man made shelters like lean-tos, igloos, brick shelters and many more. Here are some examples below that you can make. You can also create and make your very own shelter for your specific needs. Lean -To shelters are shelters that you lean branches or some item onto another. You just need branches or trees, leaves and ferns. Ferns will help waterproof the roof and any other areas that you want waterproofed. Mud brick shelters are sturdier but may take longer to build. You cut the turf in to the size of bricks you want. Then you can build the walls for the shelter. Next you need to build a roof (ferns would work well). Igloos can be made if there is snow. You need a snow pile. First put a backpack or some object in snow at top. Then, dig out an entrance that is big enough for you to get in and out. Next, dig until you find backpack or object, then pull it out carefully. Finally, excavate or shape the inside. Here are some ideas of shelter that you may be able to build. ...

Human Rights Violations in North Korea

Human Rights Violations in North Korea After World War II, Japanese-occupied Korea was divided in two: North Korea, a newly Communist government under the supervision of the Soviet Union, and South Korea, under the supervision of the United States. The North Korean Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea (DPRK) was granted independence in 1948  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹and is now one of the few remaining Communist nations. The population of North Korea is approximately 25 million, with an estimated annual per capita income of about US$1,800. The State of Human Rights in North Korea North Korea is in all likelihood the most oppressive regime on Earth. Although human rights monitors are generally banned from the country, as are radio communications between citizens and outsiders, some journalists and human rights monitors have been successful in uncovering details about the secretive governments policies. The government is essentially a dictatorshippreviously operated by Kim Il-sung, then by his son Kim Jong-il, and now by his grandson Kim Jong-un. The Cult of the Supreme Leader Although North Korea is generally described as a Communist government, it could also be characterized as a theocracy. The North Korean government operates 450,000 Revolutionary Research Centers for weekly indoctrination sessions, where attendees are taught that Kim Jong-il was a deity figure whose story began with a miraculous birth atop a legendary Korean mountain (Jong-il was actually born in the former Soviet Union). Kim Jong-un, now known (as his father and grandfather once were) as Dear Leader, is similarly described in these Revolutionary Research Centers as a supreme moral entity with supernatural powers. Loyalty Groups The North Korean government divides its citizens into three castes based on their perceived loyalty to Dear Leader: core (haeksim kyechung), wavering (tongyo kyechung), and hostile (joktae kyechung). Most of the wealth is concentrated among the core, while the hostilea category that includes all members of minority faiths, as well as descendants of perceived enemies of the stateare denied employment and subject to starvation. Enforcing Patriotism The North Korean government enforces loyalty and obedience through its Ministry of Peoples Security, which requires citizens to spy on each another, including family members. Anyone who is overheard saying anything perceived as critical to the government is subject to a reduced loyalty group rating, torture, execution, or imprisonment in one of North Koreas ten brutal concentration camps. Controlling the Flow of Information All radio and television stations, newspapers and magazines, and church sermons are government-controlled and focus on praise of the Dear Leader. Anyone who makes contact with foreigners in any way, or listens to foreign radio stations (some of which are accessible in North Korea), is in danger of any of the penalties described above. Traveling outside of North Korea is also forbidden, and can carry a penalty of death. A Military State Despite its small population and dismal budget, the North Korean government is heavily militarizedclaiming to have an army of 1.3 million soldiers (the fifth-largest in the world), and a thriving military research program that includes the development of nuclear weapons and long-range missiles. North Korea also maintains rows of massive artillery batteries on the North-South Korea border, designed to inflict heavy casualties on Seoul in the event of international conflict. Mass Famine and Global Blackmail During the 1990s, as many as 3.5 million North Koreans died of starvation. Sanctions are not imposed on North Korea primarily because they would block grain donations, resulting in the deaths of millions more, a possibility that does not appear to concern the Dear Leader. Malnutrition is almost universal except among the ruling class; the average North Korean 7-year-old is eight inches shorter than the average South Korean child of the same age. No Rule of Law The North Korean government maintains ten concentration camps, with a total of between 200,000 and 250,000 prisoners contained therein. Conditions in the camps are terrible, and the annual casualty rate has been estimated as high as 25%. The North Korean government has no due process system, imprisoning, torturing, and executing prisoners at will. Public executions, in particular, are a common sight in North Korea. Prognosis: By most accounts, the North Korean human rights situation cannot presently be solved by international action. The U.N. Human Rights Committee has condemned the North Korean human rights record on three different occasions in recent years, to no avail. Strict sanctions are of limited usefulness because the North Korean government has already demonstrated that it is willing to allow millions of its citizens to starve.Military action is not feasible, primarily because the artillery batteries maintained by the North Korean government along the demilitarized zone could literally result in millions of South Korean casualties. North Korean leaders have promised an annihilating strike in the event of U.S. invasion.North Korea maintains a stockpile of chemical weapons, and may also possess biological weapons.North Korea has augmented this threat with nuclear weapons development.North Korean missiles delivering chemical, biological, or nuclear munitions can reach South Korea, can almost certainly reach Japan, and are presently being tested for potential launch against the U.S. west coast.The North Korean government regularly breaks treaties, reducing the value of diplomacy as a human rights strategy. The best hope for North Korean human rights progress is internaland this is not a futile hope. Many North Korean citizens have gained access to foreign media and foreign radio stations, giving them​ a  reason to question national propaganda.Some North Korean citizens are even distributing revolutionary literature with apparent impunityas the governments loyalty enforcement system, fearsome though it is, is too bloated to function efficiently.The death of Kim Jong-il in 2012 has introduced a new generation of leadership, which may respond to international pressure in a more practical way.

Conceptual Framework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Conceptual Framework - Essay Example The disruptive innovation theory describes the process by which a product or service takes root initially in the market, in the form of uncomplicated applications, and then moves up the market in a relentless manner. The new product disrupts the entire market and existing value network and as well displaces the earlier technology and competitors. A disruptive innovation allows the whole population access to a whole new product that was initially historically accessible to a specific set of consumer with a lot of money. Business or companies can also be disruptive, and when in this nature the expected characteristics would be that, at least in the initial stages, of smaller target markets, lower gross margin, and products or services that may appear simple and unattractive solutions when compared to the traditional performance metrics (Fannin, 2012). Usually companies tend to innovate faster even than the rate at which their customers’ lives change. In such instances, an organization would end up eventually producing the products and services that are too expensive, good, and inconvenient for most of the customers. Pursuit of sustainable innovation has perpetuated what has helped companies historically to be established in new market such as India and succeed in their production endeavors. Ideally, companies have unwittingly, in most occasions, opened their doors to disruptive innovations and not sustaining innovation which in itself does not lead to the creation of new markets or value networks but, evolve the existing ones with better value. Generally, according to this theory, companies that are well managed and quick to respond to their clientele and have exceptional research and improvement can be impaired by disruptive innovation (Evans, 2002). The relation of this theory to my study is based on the apprehension of the actuality that, in India, new companies have sprang up in the recent past that have introduced new products in

Propaganda Poster Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Propaganda Poster - Essay Example The poster â€Å"The Greatest Mother in the World† is aimed at raising funds. The central image depicted on the paper is a woman dressed in the gown of the Red Cross nurse. She points at people depicted in the right corner. There is also a significant object which is located beside the woman: the red cross. At the bottom of the poster there is a red line and inscription in big white letters â€Å"WAR FUND 1943†. At the top of the page there is the following inscription â€Å"The Greatest Mother in the World†. There are also smaller objects which, nevertheless, should be regarded as important details. For instance, there are several aircrafts above the people. It goes without saying that every detail, every object depicted and even the choice of color should be regarded as meaningful points since they help to convey certain idea or ideas. In the first place, it is necessary to point out that white and light blue colors prevail. These colors convey the idea of hope and good. People depicted at the bottom of the picture are rendered in dark colors. These are ordinary people who seek for help since they are in constant danger. The use of red color is used to achieve several goals. First, the Red Cross is a symbol of an institution which helps people in need. On the other hand, red color attracts people’s attention, and the most important information is depicted in the red line. People see that the poster â€Å"advertises† certain campaign held to raise funds for the Red Cross or, more generally, for those in need. As far as the central image is concerned it is necessary to note that the woman can be regarded as the personification of appeal and compassion. The woman’s facial expressions leaves no doubt that she needs help of each viewer. Interestingly, the woman is beautiful and she has make-up on her face. McEuen (2011) pays much attention to female appearance in the posters and claims that American posters revealed women who could not only take care about others but could be active enough to take care of themselves. The woman points out at the people who are waiting for help. Her posture is very informative as well, she is leaning and this also enhances the idea of appeal. People at the bottom of the poster are not depicted in detail. This is rather a crowd. They hardly have faces because the poster’s designer stresses that there are many people in need. This impersonal depiction of people enhances the idea of quality: there too many people, so only the entire nation can help all those who suffer from the war. As far as the Red Cross is concerned it is depicted to inform people of the way their help will reach those in need. Thus, those who donate can understand that they assist the Red Cross, internationally acknowledged institution. Admittedly, the designer of the poster uses all these visual tools to persuade people to donate in order to help unfortunate people. For instance, the woman dep icted is a kind of an angel who comes from heaven to help people, but still asks for help since there is too much evil. Another informative image does not attract so much of attention, but it creates the necessary atmosphere. Thus, the aircrafts depicted convey the idea of threat over people exposed to the horrors of war. It is necessary to point out that such symbolism is very appealing and the poster reaches its major aims. Sometimes propaganda posters

Manifest Destiny & Frederick Jackson Turners frontier thesis Essay

Manifest Destiny & Frederick Jackson Turners frontier thesis - Essay Example On the other hand, the Frontier Thesis as released by Frederick Jackson Turner in 1893 asserted that American development was explicated by the existence of a free land, its constant recession, as well as westward advancement of the American settlement (Turner 56). This concept was said to depend on Darwinism concept of survival for the fittest, where primitive political and economic conditions of the frontier shad to evolve into complex city life. Frederick Turner’s American identity epitomizes Manifest Destiny from the perspective of Anglo-Americans. This is attributed to the fact that Turner describes Americans as strong in individualism and selfishness, with nervous energy, coarseness and strength, and inherent expansive power. In his research, Turner established that the selfish and individual qualities characteristic of Anglo-Americans forced them to push westward; thus, claiming land and expanding democracy. The terms are extremely important in the US history. This is attributed to the fact that they give historians apparatuses that facilitate the using of social history as the basis for all economic, social and economic developments in the American history. Additionally, they give guidelines on the path American democracy has followed in its creation and

According to mankiw and taylor

According to mankiw and taylor a) According to Mankiw and Taylor (2006), unemployment means that inability to obtain a job when one is willing and able to work. Even though there are several different ways to measure unemployment, this can be normally measured in two ways: the claimant count and the Labour Force Survey (LFS). Grant (2000) states that the claimant count is the traditional measure of unemployment in the UK. The number of people between the ages of 18 and 60 claiming unemployment benefit payments such as job seekers allowance from the government is counted as the claimant count. Therefore, it is relatively cheap and easy to gather data. However, many economists believe that there are some significant problems with the claimant count method because of the accuracy of this measure. Powell (2005:p.290) tells us, the claimant count overstates true unemployment because many claimants are either not genuinely looking for work or not genuinely unemployed because they already have undeclared jobs in the informal economy. In other words, some people who are working in the black economy and who are not looking for work are included in the claimant count. However, in other ways, it understates true unemployment. The rationale behind this is that the claimant count does not include unemployed people who are aged under 18 or over 60 or who do not claim unemployment benefits. Furthermore, some unemployed workers approaching retirement are also removed from the register. The Labour Force Survey (LFS) is now recognised as the second measure of unemployment. According to Grant (2000), the LFS is also known as the ILO (International Labour Organisation) measure because it uses the ILOs definition of unemployment. Contrary to the claimant count, all people who are actively looking for a job in the last 4 weeks are counted as unemployed workers whether they are claiming benefits or not. Both the claimant count and the Labour Force Survey (LFS) have its own advantages and disadvantages. However, both measures might understate the actual unemployment. According to Powell (2005), the reason is that they do not count discouraged workers who have given up finding jobs and people who are classified as economically inactive. Unemployment can be defined and categorised in a number of types and ways. Therefore, in this paper, it will be classified in accordance with its causes. First of all, there is equilibrium unemployment. Grant (2000) tells us that equilibrium unemployment exists when the aggregate demand for labour is equal to the aggregate supply of labour and vacancies match with the number unemployed. However, although there is equilibrium at wage rate, people might still unemployed because the vacancies are uninformed to them or they are unacceptable or unwilling to take up the vacancies. The graph below shows equilibrium unemployment. (adopted from Powell: p.293) This equilibrium unemployment is measured by the distance between Z and X or E1 EFE. In addition, ASLN curve shows all the workers who are willing to work at different real wage rates. According to Grant (2000), there are different types of equilibrium unemployment such as frictional, search, casual, seasonal, structural, technological and residual unemployment. Frictional unemployment occurs where people are between jobs. Because of immobilities in the labour force, a delay or time-lag is created while unemployed workers move from one job to another. Therefore, it explains why people are able to remain unemployed despite there are job vacancies available. Powell (2005) states geographical and occupational immobilities of labour explain why unemployed workers are prevented from filling job vacancies immediately. For example, the cost of moving and difficulties of obtaining housing are among the causes of geographical immobility. In addition, occupational immobility is caused by the need for training and the effects of restrictive practice and discrimination in labour markets. Grant (2000) says that search unemployment is a form of frictional unemployment. The newly unemployed workers who have just lost their jobs or who have voluntarily left their jobs might take a gap before getting a new job. The reason is that they need to search labour markets to see better-paid or higher status employment is available. Therefore, search unemployment takes place when unemployed workers do not accept the first job offer to search for better-paid or higher status employment. Some kinds of unemployment occur when certain groups of workers are out of work between periods of employment. According to Grant (2000), casual unemployment, one of the specific cases of frictional unemployment, takes place because of that reason above. In other words, casual unemployment occurs when workers are unemployed on a short-term basis in trades. For example, workers in the tourism sector, construction industry and agricultural work. Powell (20005) states that seasonal unemployment is casual unemployment and it occurs in some industries suffering seasonal fluctuations in demand. Industries such as farming, tourism and building experience such seasonal patterns of demand. Therefore, fruit pickers and deck chair attendants can be an example of seasonal unemployment. Besides, there is structural unemployment. People can be unemployed because of the changing structure of the economy. According to Powell (2005), structural unemployment arises from the structural decline of industries. For instance, if there are more efficient competitors in the market or there is the decline of demand, the workers in those industries will be becoming unemployed e.g. coal-miners in the UK. Further, he says that structural unemployment occurs when industries change their skill requirements. For example, industries ask new skill requirements when they change or introduce ways of producing their products. Structural unemployment has some different forms like frictional unemployment. Technological, regional and international unemployment are forms of structural unemployment. Technological unemployment is a form of structural unemployment. Grant (2000) say that technological unemployment results from the introduction of new technology such as labour-saving technology. Therefore, there will be automation as a result of introducing new technology. Through automation, industries can reduce their demand for labour even though their output is expanding. Accordingly, it can be defined technological unemployment results from those industries using labour-saving technology such as the use of telephone banking and plastic cards. Like technological unemployment, regional unemployment is also connected with structural unemployment. Grant (2000) states that regional unemployment takes place when the declining industry is linked to a specific area. In other words, it occurs because of the decline or closure of a major employer in a particular area. For example, in the UK, the decline of textile and shipbuilding created a pool of unemployed workers in some regions. According to Grant (2000), international unemployment is also a form of structural unemployment. It occurs when the demand for domestically produced goods and services falls and, consequently, there are increased workers losing their jobs. For example, if there are more efficient competitors abroad, consumers might choose goods and services that are produced out of the country. Therefore, the demand for domestically produced goods and services might decrease then firms will reduce their employees or will be closed. Finally, there is residual unemployment as a type of equilibrium unemployment. Mankiw and Taylor (2006) state that residual unemployment takes place when people are unwilling to work or are not able to work due to disability. Basically, people who are unemployable on a permanent basis cannot meet the demands of modern production methods and the disciplines. Therefore, it can take place in all societies. Disequilibrium unemployment is another kind of unemployment except for equilibrium unemployment. According to Grant (2000), there are two conditions for occurring disequilibrium unemployment. One is that the aggregate supply of labour must exceed the aggregate demand for labour. Another condition is that wages are sticky downwards (wage stickiness). The graph below shows that there is disequilibrium unemployment of LLZ at the wage rate W. (adopted from Grant: p.536) According to Powell (2005), there are two main types of disequilibrium unemployment: classical or real-wage unemployment and cyclical, Keynesian or demand-deficient unemployment. Classical unemployment or real-wage unemployment takes place when wages are fixed at a higher real rate rather than real-wage rate and labour market, caused by trade unions or a government-set minimum wage, prevents the real wage rate falling below these higher wages. The graph below shows classical or real-wage unemployment. (adopted from Powell: p.297) If labour markets are sufficiently competitive, the market mechanism begins to reduce disequilibrium wage rate to eliminate the excess supply of labour in the market. However, labour market rigidity or wage stickiness prevents the real wage rate falling below W1. Because of labour market rigidity or wage stickiness, there is the excess supply of labour in the markets and, consequently, classical or real-wage unemployment persists. According to Powell (2005), demand-deficient unemployment (also known as cyclical unemployment or Keynesian unemployment) stems from leakages or withdrawals from the circular flow of income and from the negative multipliers that are then unleashed. In other words, an under-full employment equilibrium occurs because of a continuing lack of effective aggregate demand. For example, the flow of income might fall by the size of the net leakage multiplied by the national income multiplier when planned leakage exceeds planned injections. Powell (2005) states that demand-deficient unemployment illustrates the paradox of thrift. It comes from the fact that saving becomes a vice at the aggregate level if people save and others are prohibited from spending the saving. For instance, demand for goods and service reduces when the market is in the recession of business cycle below the trend. Therefore, firms do not need to produce many goods to satisfy decreased consumers demand so that less labour is needed. The lower the demand for goods and services, the less the demand for labour is needed. Consequently, firms will reduce the number of their employees then the unemployment will increase. Powell (2005: p.299) tells us, Inflation is best defined as a persistent or continuous rise in the price level, or as a continuing fall in the value of money. Like unemployment, there are some methods to measure inflation: the retail price index (RPI), the PRIX, the RPIY and the consumer price index (CPI). The retail price index (RPI) shows changes in the price of average persons shopping basket. According to Powell (2005), the RPI was used by UK government to measure changes in the rate of inflation until 2003 and it measures the headline rate of inflation. The RPI is based on a monthly survey of the prices of consumer goods and services and it is therefore, calculated through a weighted average of each months price changes. However, it is impossible to measure all prices. Therefore, the RPI contains 650 items as a representative sample and those items are regularly changed to reflect new products and changing tastes. For instance, subscriptions for Internet service and digital cameras newly entered index compilation. The RPIX is the retail price index excluding mortgage interest payments. Powell (2005) says that the RPIX measures the underlying rate of inflation. In other words, it is measured by the formula: the headline rate minus mortgage interest rates. The RPIX only includes the council tax while the RPI includes the council tax and the mortgage interest rate. Furthermore, it is used to measure the cost of living of a representative family in the economy as the CPI does. Marcouse et al (2003) tell us that the RPIY is similar to the RPIX. However, it excludes indirect taxes as well as the mortgage interest. The consumer price index covers the prices of consumer goods. It attempts to measure the cost of living of a representative family in the economy like the RPIX. The CPI includes investment goods and goods purchased by the government while the mortgage interest rate and the council tax are excluded from the CPI. According to Powell (2005), in the UK, the CPI will replace the RPI and the RPIX completely because it is based on the method of measuring the price level used in the European Union. Inflation can be defined and classified in accordance with its causes. There are two different types of inflation: demand-pull and cost-push inflation and those two types of inflation are classified by Keynesians. Demand-pull inflation is caused by too much demand in the economy. In other words, demand-pull inflation occurs when there is too much money chasing too few products. For example, oil and steel. According to Grant (2000), an increase in aggregate demand must rise real output and the price level once the countrys resources are fully employed. The graph below uses a short-run AD/AS diagram to show demand-pull inflation. (adopted from Powell: p.306) When the government rises aggregate demand from AD1 to AD2, the government can eliminate demand-deficient unemployment and create full employment although real output and the price level increase. However, once full employment arrives, a further increase of aggregate demand may cause an upward movement of aggregate demand, shifting the aggregate demand curve from AD2 to AD3 and then excess demand (the vertical distance between W and Z) is created. Although there are several different conditions causing demand-pull inflation, wartime might be an appropriate example. The graph above also illustrates an inflationary gap which is the vertical distance between W and Z. Powell (2005: p.306) tells us, An inflationary gap measures the extent to which excess demand exists at the full employment level of real income or output. Similarly, a deflationary gap measures the extent to which there is deficient aggregate demand. Cost-push inflation occurs as a result of a rise in the costs of production which are not caused by excess demand. Therefore, there is the difference between demand inflation and cost-push inflation. According to Powell (2005), cost theories of inflation are based on the cause of inflation in structural and institutional conditions on the supply side of the economy. Cost-push inflation is illustrated in the graph below. (adopted from Powell: p.307) An increase in cost will cause a shift in the aggregate supply curve to the left (SRAS1 to SRAS2). The effect of this is to raise prices from P1 to P2 and then the quantity demanded will move from Y to Y1. Therefore, the macroeconomic equilibrium will be moved from X to Z and, consequently, the new macroeconomic equilibrium will be at point Z. According to Grant (2000), there are several causes in which costs might increase independently of the state of demand. First of all, wage push inflation can lead to cost-push inflation where trade unions force wages levels to increase independently of the demand for labour. Another example is a rise in prices of imported materials. Finally, a rise in indirect taxation also gives an example which leads to cost-push inflation. b) (data for this graph adopted from the handout) The graph above shows changes in retail price change and unemployment between 1986 and 1995. It can be clearly seen that there is the relationship between the retail price % change and unemployment rate and those are inversely related. The retail price % change increased from 3.4% to 9.5% between 1986 and 1990. During that period, the unemployment rate decreased from 11.2% to 5.9%. However, once, the retail price % change reduced from 9.5% to 5.9% in 1991, the changes in unemployment started to raise from 5.9% to 8.1%. Between 1991 and 1993, there was a decrease in retail price change from 5.9% to 1.6% while the unemployment rate increased from 8.1% to 10.4%. However, by 1994, the changes in unemployment reduced again (from 10.4% to 9.3%) when the changes in retail price change increased from 1.6% to 2.5%. In 1995, the unemployment rate still decreased while the retail price % change increased. The changes in retail price change was at the peak in 1990 when the unemployment rate recorded the lowest rate (5.9%) in the same year. In 1993, the changes in retail price change and unemployment are different. The retail price % change reached the lowest rate (1.6%) when the unemployment rate recorded the highest rate (10.4%) in 1993. Overall, there was a decrease in unemployment rate when the changes in retail price change increased. By contrast, the unemployment rate raised when the changes in retail price change decreased.In other words, the unemployment rate decreased at first, then increased and decreased again. However, contrary to the changes in unemployment, the changes in retail price change increased at first, then decreased and increased again during the same period. Therefore, the relationship between changes in retail price change and unemployment can be analysed that a stable relationship exists between them and they are inversely related. The graph below shows an inverse relationship between retail price % change and unemployment directly. (data for this graph adopted from the handout) Moreover, we can notice unemployment is low when retail price % change is high and unemployment is high when retail price % change is low from the two graphs above. c) There are some facts which can be expected from the data and question b. First of all, there is an inverse relationship between inflation rate and unemployment. Therefore, we can expect when inflation rate is low, unemployment is high and, conversely, unemployment is low when inflation rate is high. From this negative association, we are able to expect that unemployment might be changed as a result of changes of inflation rate. It means that there are changes of inflation rate first then the changes of unemployment will happen. Apart from these two facts, the data show the changes regularly repeated. Accordingly, we can expect that inflation can be affected by external factors and governments might be able to influence changes in the rate of inflation and unemployment through choosing their preferred combination of unemployment and inflation. First of all, the relationship between inflation rate and unemployment can be explained by Philips curve analysis. According to Powell (2005), A. W. Philips argued that the inverse relationship existed between unemployment and the rate of price inflation. This relationship is illustrated by the Philips Curve as shown in the graph below. (adopted from Powell: p.308) The Philips Curve above shows a negative association between unemployment rate and inflation rate. When there is high inflation, unemployment is low and when there is low inflation, unemployment is high. Moreover, Powell (2005) states that the Philips Curve suggests how the conflict between full employment and control of inflation can be dealt with. The reason is that the combinations of inflation and unemployment can be arisen in the short-run as shifts in the aggregate demand curve move the economy along the short-run aggregate supply curve. In the short-run, a rise in aggregate demand for goods and services leads to a greater output of goods and services and a higher price level. In other words, a lower rate of unemployment will be happened by expanding aggregate demand. Therefore, governments and policy makers not only move the economy from point A to point B but also reduce unemployment rate from U1 to U2. However, a higher rate of inflation is also happened (P1?P2). Accordingly, it means there is a trade off between falling unemployment and increasing inflation. Points such as A and B on the Philips Curve offers policy makers a menu of possible outcomes and, consequently, gover nments might decide an acceptable combination between unemployment and inflation. According to Mankiw and Taylor (2006), Friedman and Phelps introduced expected inflation to help understand the short-run and long-run relationship between inflation and unemployment. Expected inflation measures how much people expect the overall price level to change. The graph below introduces the role of expectations into the inflationary process. (adopted from Powell: p.311) In the graph above, we assume unemployment is initially at its natural rate (UN) and price inflation equals wage inflation. When a government pursues an expansionary monetary policy to expand demand, the economy moves along Philips curve SRPC1 (from point A to Point B). At point B, unemployment is below its natural rate, but inflation rises to P1. Consequently, in the short-run, inflation rises above expected inflation and workers may suffer money illusion, the false belief that an increase in money wage is also a real wage increase. However, a point such as B is unsustainable because people get used to this higher inflation rate and they increase their expectations of inflation. Firms and workers, therefore, consider higher inflation when setting wages and prices in order to restore the real wage. The short-run Philips curve, accordingly, shifts to the right (from SRPC1 to SRPC2). Consequently, the economy ends up at point C where there is higher inflation than at point A, but with the same level of unemployment. Powell (2005) says that once the economy reaches at point C, any further expansion of aggregate demand moves the economy to point D and inflation rate of P2. The reason is that this situation will continue if there are higher expected rates of future inflation. Therefore, it gives explanations why unemployment rate regularly decreases then increases and why inflation rate is always positive. Furthermore, it also explains why the changes in inflation rate and unemployment are repeated. Apart from the Philips curve, Keynesian theories of inflation are also helpful to understand the facts which are found. The graph below shows an upward-sloping SRAS curve. (adopted from Powell: p.279) According to Powell (2005), Keynesians now believe the SRAS curve slopes upward and upward-sloping SRAS curve shows that an increase in the price level is necessary to persuade companies to supply more output. It, therefore, explains why unemployment is changed as a result of changes in the rate of inflation. A rise in the price level (from P1 to P2) reduces the real wage rate. Therefore, firms can employ more labour and supply more output and, consequently, unemployment will decrease to increase supply. Moreover, governments can inflate the price level and approach full employment through an increase in aggregate demand. The graph shows an increase in aggregate demand is reflationary or inflationary. It means that expansionary fiscal or monetary policy reflates real output and create jobs, and inflates the price level. Therefore, a rise in aggregate demand moves the economy towards full capacity and, consequently, the economy will be able to approach full employment and full capacity. However, once the economy reaches at full employment, it means there is no spare capacity. Therefore, any further increase in aggregate demand might cause prices to rise and the eventual creation of excess demand will lead to demand-pull inflation. d) Apart from unemployment and the exchange rate, there are more factors influencing changes in the rate of inflation. For example, a monetary and fiscal policy and a prices and incomes policy are available to the governments and policy makers in order to control inflation. Monetary policy and fiscal policy can influence aggregate demand. When the aggregate demand curve or the aggregate supply curve shifts, there are fluctuations in the economys overall output of goods and services and its overall level of prices is also changed. Therefore, a change of these policies can lead to short-run fluctuations in output and prices. A government and policy makers can change interest rates to adjust to balance the supply and demand for money. Furthermore, targeting a certain level of the money supply can be also treated as monetary policy. Therefore, setting interest rates and money supply will be different between in the case of demand-pull inflation and in the case of cost-push inflation. For instance, deflationary monetary policy such as raising interest rates and reducing banking lending might be introduced when demand-pull inflation occurs. However, against cost-push inflation, an expansionary monetary policy such as lowering interest rates might be adopted instead of a restrictionary monetary policy. The rationale behind this is that firms costs can be decreased through an expansionary monetary policy. Consequently, monetary policy can be described either in terms of the money supply or in terms of the interest rate. If monetary policy aims to expand aggregate demand, increasing the money supply or lowering the interest rate is adopted. However, changes in monetary policy that aim to contract aggregate demand can be described either as reducing the money supply or as raising the interest rate. The government is able to affect inflation not only with monetary policy but also with fiscal policy. Mankiw and Taylor (2006: p.721) tells us, Fiscal policy refers to the governments choices regarding the overall level of government purchases or taxes. Through the change of the level of the taxes, a government can indirectly shift the aggregate demand curve by influencing the spending decisions of firms and households. However, contrary to this, the aggregate demand curve can be moved directly when a government changes its own purchases of goods and services. Therefore, fiscal policy might be different in accordance with various causes and different levels of economic activity. Against demand-pull inflation, a government is able to adopt deflationary fiscal policy involving increasing taxation and/or reducing government expenditure. Fiscal policy will indirectly reduce aggregate demand. For example, consumers might lower their spending and firms might reduce investment if a government raises income and corporation tax. By contrast, government expenditure can directly influence aggregate demand. Therefore, deflationary fiscal policy will have a downward multiplier effect and might be able to remove an inflationary gap. The graph below shows that reduced government spending (from G to G1) removes the inflationary gap of AB. (adopted from Grant: p.573) Contrary to the case of demand-pull inflation, different fiscal policy will be also employed to combat cost-push inflation. According to Grant (2000), reducing corporation tax, decreasing indirect tax and cutting income tax are a fiscal approach to cope with cost-push inflation. Through those policies, a government can reduce firms costs or lower wage claims and then will influence aggregate demand. Moreover, monetary inflation will be expected, a government can adopt lowering expenditure by more than tax revenue as its fiscal policy. The discussion of fiscal policy has stressed how changes in government expenditure and changes in taxes influence the quality of goods and services demanded. Fiscal policy works primarily through aggregate demand in the short-run. However, in the long-run, it is also able to affect the quantity of goods and services supplied. Apart from monetary policy and fiscal policy, incomes policies and price controls can also influence changes in inflation. The incomes policy introduced to reduce inflation. Grant (2000) states it is to connect the growth of incomes to the growth of productivity in order to prevent the excessive rises in factor incomes. The incomes policy largely concentrates on wages even though there are many different forms of income such as wages, interest and profits. The rationale behind this is that wages form about two thirds of total costs. Governments are therefore able to control inflation by setting a percentage limit or a flat rate limit. Setting a percentage limit of wages will be useful to maintain wage differentials. Therefore, people in the high-income brackets might be beneficial as a result of a percentage limit. However, the lower brackets of income might be favourable to a flat rate limit because it reduces differentials. Consequently, the incomes policy will be helpful to maintain a wage and price still in the short-run. However, if exceptions are allowed too much or trade unions are strongly opposing the policy, it will be difficult to manage the pace of inflation. Price controls is also employed to restrict price increases. However, contrary to the incomes policy, price controls deals with the symptom of inflation rather than causes. For example, governments limit prices of products to control inflation rate if there is high inflation. Therefore, when inflation will be expected or is already happened governments and policy makers are able to choose price controls to restrict price increases and restore its symptom directly. However, if price controls continues, there will be some problems e.g. distorting the allocation of resources. The reason is that price controls can lead to shortages and create a demand for s system of rationing. In conclusion, governments might try to restrict price increases and to limit pay settlements in order to reduce inflationary pressure. However, introducing the incomes policy and price controls has not only the effectiveness but also problems. Although they are separate policy, those policies can be used together. Furthermore, they might have an effect on the problem of cost-push inflation if they are employed together. Therefore, the incomes policy and price controls will be more effective when those policies are employed together. However, they might be inefficient in the long-run. The reason is that incomes policy and price controls can distort the market economy e.g. creating labour shortages. Bibliography Grant, S.J., 2000, STANLAKES INTRODUCTORY ECONOMICS, Essex, Longman Mankiw, N.G. and Taylor, M.P., 2006, Economics, London, Thomson Learning Marcouse, I., Wall, N., Lines, D. and Martin, B., 2003, Complete A-Z Economics Business Studies, London, Hodder Arnold Powell, R., 2005, AQA advanced Economics, Oxfordshire, Philip Allan Updates Sungsoo Noh